Direct collapse black hole

Direct collapse black holes are high-mass black hole seeds,^[2][3][4][5] putatively formed within the redshift range ${\displaystyle 15<z<30}$,^[6] when the Universe was about 100-250 million years old. Unlike seeds formed from the first population of stars (also known as Population III stars), direct collapse black hole seeds are formed by a direct, general relativistic instability. They are very massive, with a typical mass at formation of ~10⁵ M_☉.^[3][7] This category of black hole seeds was originally proposed theoretically to alleviate the challenge in building supermassive black holes already at redshift ${\displaystyle z\sim 7}$, as numerous observations to date have confirmed.^{[1][8][9][10][11]}

Artist's impression for the formation of a massive black hole seed via the direct black hole channel.^[1]

FormationEdit

Direct collapse black holes (DCBHs) are massive black hole seeds theorized to have formed in the high-redshift Universe and with typical masses at formation of ~10⁵ M_☉, but spanning between 10⁴ M_☉ and 10⁶ M_☉. The environmental physical conditions to form a DCBH (as opposed to a cluster of stars) are the following:^[3][4]

1. Metal-free gas (gas containing only hydrogen and helium).
2. Atomic-cooling gas.
3. Sufficiently large flux of Lyman-Werner photons, in order to destroy hydrogen molecules, which are very efficient gas coolants.^[12][13]

The previous conditions are necessary to avoid gas cooling and, hence, fragmentation of the primordial gas cloud. Unable to fragment and form stars, the gas cloud undergoes to a gravitational collapse of the entire structure, reaching extremely large values of the matter density at the core, of the order of ${\displaystyle \sim 10^{7}g/cm^{3}}$.^[14] At this density, the object undergoes to a general relativistic instability,^[14] which leads to the formation of a black hole of a typical mass ~10⁵ M_☉, and up to 1 million solar masses. The occurrence of the general relativistic instability, as well as the absence of the intermediate stellar phase, led to the denomination of direct collapse black hole. In other words, these objects collapse directly from the primordial gas cloud, not from a stellar progenitor as prescribed in standard black hole models.^[15]

DemographyEdit

Direct collapse black holes are generally thought to be extremely rare objects in the high-redshift Universe, because the three fundamental conditions for their formation (see above in section Formation) are challenging to be met all together in the same gas cloud.^[16][17] Current cosmological simulations suggest that DCBHs could be as rare as only ~1 per cubic Giga-parsec at redshift 15.^[17] The prediction on their number density is highly dependent on the minimum flux of Lyman-Werner photons required for their formation^[18] and can be as large as ${\displaystyle \sim 10^{7}}$ DCBHs per cubic Giga-parsec in the most optimistic scenarios.^[17]

DetectionEdit

In 2016, a team led by Harvard University astrophysicist Fabio Pacucci identified the first two candidate direct collapse black holes,^[19][20] using data from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-ray Observatory.^{[21][22][23][24]} The two candidates, both at redshift , were found in the CANDELS GOODS-S field and matched the spectral properties predicted for this type of astrophysical sources.^[25] In particular, these sources are predicted to have a significant excess of infrared radiation, when compared to other categories of sources at high redshift.^[19] Additional observations, in particular with the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope, will be crucial to investigate the properties of these sources and confirm their nature. 

This article uses material from the Wikipedia article  Metasyntactic variable, which is released under the  Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.